Scientists, Artists, and Smash Mouth Tell Us What Music Theyd Send Into Deep Space.On August 2.NASA launched its Voyager 2 spacecraft from Cape Canaveral, Florida.It followed up with the launch of Voyager 1 just a few weeks later on September 5th.Over the course of their careers, both spacecraft have explored gas giants and their moons, the Kuiper Belt and more, constantly pushing the boundaries of what science and humanity are capable of.Voyager 1 and 2 both carry a special trinket known as The Golden Record.The 1.Carl Sagan and his colleagues.The Golden Record was intended to serve as a greeting for any alien life forms who found itan encapsulation of the human experience through sound.While its extremely unlikely that any intelligent life would stumble across a record hurtling through our random corner of spaceor have the equipment to play itits comforting that a piece of humanity is pressing on, somewhere out there in the void.In honor of the 4.Voyager missions, we asked astronomers and space savvy musicians to tell us what music theyd send if NASA hypothetically launched another Golden Record.Some have proposed that NASA beam out a digital Golden Record 2.Do you care about the 2020 census You should.We all probably should care more about the 2020 census, because John Thompson, the director of the Census Bureau and.Heres where you can find out where you truly spend your time when youre looking at your phone.Tapping the clock icon next to the Last 7 Days button.Read Music Now Learn How To Read Music In 7 Days Exe' title='Read Music Now Learn How To Read Music In 7 Days Exe' />New Horizons spacecraft in 2.Regrettably, Pitbull did not respond to Gizmodos multiple requests for commentbut these other responses are still very good Michelle Zauner.Philadelphia based musician, Japanese Breakfast outer space electro pop enthusiast.Songs I cant choose one Michael Jackson song.Aint No Mountain High by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell, Mariah Carey, Fantasy, Whitney Houston, I Will Always Love You, Slowdive, Souvlaki Space Station, Bjork, Bachelorette, Kate Bush, Running Up That Hill.Sounds The ocean, rushing water, wind through leaves, Beyonc singing a capella in her dressing room, Stevie Nicks singing a capella in her dressing room, Mariah Careys whistle tone compilation.Matt Russo.Postdoctoral researcher at the Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, musician, co founder System SoundsSongs Here comes the sun by The Beatles.Sagan pushed for this to be included on the first Golden Record but EMI held the copyright and refused.Read Music Now Learn How To Read Music In 7 Days Exe' title='Read Music Now Learn How To Read Music In 7 Days Exe' />Its time to set things right again.Sounds The most self promotional suggestion possible my own sonification of the TRAPPIST 1 planetary system, which shows the connections between orbital dynamics which aliens are surly pros at and the music contained on the record.Id be especially interested in some feedback from the music critics from TRAPPIST 1 but I may not be around long enough to receive it.Also, the gravitational waves emitted by merging black holes, converted into sound.Id imagine that aliens find black holes just as fascinating as we do so lets let them know were hip to the good stuff.Doug Vakoch.Astronomer and president of METI International, an organization that searches for radio signals from advanced extraterrestrial life.As a NASA mission, its understandable that musical selections from the Western classical tradition and the United States were given preference.In a 2.Rather than trying to get copyright permission for including Sgt.Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, a request the Beatles turned down in the 1.Golden record.After all, the Beatles have already been sent into space, thanks to NASAs 2.Across the Universe to Polaris, the North Star, to celebrate the agencys 5.Ethan Hein.Doctoral fellow in music education at NYU, adjunct professor of music technology at NYU and Montclair State university, musicianI would probably just cast Thriller in gold and send that.Smash Mouth.Grammy nominated recording artists and noted Sun walking enthusiasts.A rep for the band told Gizmodo They said, All Star and Walkin On The Sun of course.Winamp Wikipedia.Winamp.Winamp 5.Bento skin.Original authorsNullsoft.DevelopersRadionomy.Initial release.April 2.Stable release.December 1. 2, 2.Written in.C1C3Operating system.MS DOS,4Windows, mac.OS, Android5Size.MBAvailable in.List of languages.English, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, German, Spanish, French, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Dutch, Polish, Brazilian Portuguese, Russian, Romanian, Swedish, Turkish, Hungarian, Indonesian.Type. Crack Code For Sims 3 Generations Torrent . Media player.License.Proprietaryfreeware.Websitewww.Winamp is a media player for Windows, Android, and mac.OS developed by Justin Frankel and Dmitry Boldyrev678 by their company Nullsoft, which they later sold to AOL, who sold it to Radionomy in January 2.Since version 2 it has been sold as freemium and supports extensibility with plug ins and skins, and features music visualization, playlist and a media library, supported by a large online community.Version 1 of Winamp was released in 1.MP3 music file sharing.Winamp 2.September 8, 1.The 2.Winamp one of the most downloaded Windows applications.By 2.Winamp had over 2.A poor reception to the 2.Winamp.Winamp 5 in 2.FeatureseditPlayback formats.Winamp supports music playback using MP3, MIDI, MOD, MPEG 1 audio layers 1 and 2, AAC, M4.A, FLAC, WAV, and WMA.Winamp was one of the first widely used music players on Windows to support playback of Ogg Vorbis by default.It supports gapless playback for MP3 and AAC and Replay.Gain for volume leveling across tracks.CD support includes playing and importing music from audio CDs, optionally with CD Text, and burning music to CDs.The standard version limits maximum burn speed and datarate the Pro version removes these limitations.Winamp supports playback of Windows Media Video and Nullsoft Streaming Video.For MPEG Video, AVI, and other unsupported video types, Winamp uses Microsofts Direct.Show API for playback, allowing playback of most of the video formats supported by Windows Media Player.Surround sound is supported where formats and decoders allow.Media Library.At installation, Winamp scans the users system for media files to add to the Media Library database.It supports full Unicode filenames and Unicode metadata for media files.In the Media Library user interface pane, under Local Media, several selectors Audio, Video, date, and frequency permit display of subsets of media files with greater detail.Adding album art and track tags.Get Album Art permits retrieval of cover art, and confirmation before adding the image to the database.Autotagging analyzes a tracks audio using the Gracenote service and retrieves the songs ID2 and ID3 metadata.Podcatcher.Winamp can also be used as an RSS media feeds aggregator capable of displaying articles, downloading, or playing such content as streaming media.SHOUTcast Wire provides a directory and RSS subscription system for podcasts.Media player device support.Winamp has extendable support for portable media players and Mass Storage Compliant devices, Microsoft Plays.For.Sure, and Active.Sync, and syncs unprotected music to the i.Pod.Media Monitor.Winamp Media Monitor allows web based browsing and bookmarking music blog websites and automatically offering for streaming or downloading all MP3 files there.The Media Monitor is preloaded with music blog URLs.Winamp Remote.Winamp Remote allows remote playback streaming of unprotected media files on the users PC via the Internet.Remote adjusts bitrate based on available bandwidth, and can be controlled by web interface, Wii, Play.Station 3, Xbox 3.Plug ins.In February 1.Winamp was rewritten as a general purpose audio player1.This feature was received well by reviewers.Development was early, diverse, and rapid 6.November 1.The Winamp software development kit SDK allows software developers to create seven different types of plug ins.Input decodes specific file formats.Output sends data to specific devices or files.Visualization provides sound activated graphics.DSPEffect manipulates audio for special effects.General Purpose plug ins add convenience or UI features Media Library, alarm clock, or pause when logged out.Media Library plug ins add functions to the Media Library plug in.Portables plug ins support portable media players.Plug in development support increased Winamps flexibility for, for example, a plethora of specialized plug ins for game console music files such as NSF,2.USF, GBS,2.GSF,2.SID,2. 8VGM,2.SPC,2.PSF, and PSF2.Skins.Skins are bitmap files which alter the aesthetic design of the Winamp graphical user interface GUI and can add functionality with scripting.Winamp published documentation on skin creation3.Winamp 2 and invited Winamp users to publish skins on Winamp.As of 2.Winamp skins available.The ability to use skins contributed to Winamps popularity early in MP3 development.With the increasing number of available skins, genres or categories of skins developed, such as Stereo, Anime, and Ugly.Online communities of skin designers such as 1.Skins.Skinz.Gnome. Art.Designers see skins as an opportunity to be creative 3.Klingon, i.Pod, and Etch a sketch designs.The Winamp skin format is the most popular, the most commonly adopted by other media player software, and is usable across platforms.One example is the XMMS player for Linux and Unix systems, which can use unmodified Winamp 2 skin files.Winamp 5 supports two types of skins classic skins designed to Winamp 2 specifications static collections of bitmap images, and more flexible, freeform modern skins per the Winamp.Modern skins support true alpha channel transparency, scripting control, a docked toolbar, and other innovations to the user interface.HistoryeditUntil the release of Winamp in 1.Win.Play. 3 was the sole option for playing MP3 compressed music on Microsoft Windows.Initial releaseseditWinamp was first released in 1.Justin Frankel and Dmitry Boldyrev,678 formerly students at the University of Utah, integrated their Windows user interface with the Advanced Multimedia Products AMP MP3 file playback engine.The name Winamp originally spelled Win.AMP was a portmanteau of Windows and AMP.The minimalist Win.AMP 0.April 2.Its windowless, menu bar only interface showed only play open, stop, pause, and unpause functions.A file specified on the command line or dropped onto its icon would be played.MP3 decoding was performed by the AMP decoding engine developed by Advanced Multimedia Products co founder Tomislav Uzelac, which was free for non commercial use.Win.AMP 0. 9. 2 was released as a freeware in May 1.Hp Performance Center Installation Steps Of Linux .Within the standard Windows frame and menu bar, it had the beginnings of the classic Winamp GUI dark gray rectangle with silver 3.D effect transport buttons, a redgreen volume slider, time displayed in a green LED font, with track name, MP3 bitrate, and mixrate in green.There was no position bar, and a blank space where the spectrum analyzer and waveform analyzer would later appear.Multiple files on the command line or dropped onto its icon were enqueued in the playlist.Winamp 1editVersion 1.June 7, 1.Winamp lowercase.It showed a spectrum analyzer and color changing volume slider, but no waveform display.The AMP non commercial license was included in its help menu.According to Tomislav Uzelac, Frankel licensed the AMP 0.June 1, 1.Frankel formally founded Nullsoft Inc.January 1.Winamp, which changed from freeware to 1.In March, Uzelacs company, Advanced Multimedia Products which by then had been merged into Play.Media Systems, sent a cease and desist letter to Nullsoft, claiming unlawful use of AMP.Nullsoft responded that they had replaced AMP with Nitrane, Nullsofts proprietary decoder, but Playmedia disputed this.Version 1.
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Vegeta-Dragon-Ball-Anime-Son-Gohan-2920201.jpeg' alt='Dragon Ball Z Logon Screen Themes' title='Dragon Ball Z Logon Screen Themes' />Go Fullscreen to Boost Your Mac.Books Bad Battery Life.Apples latest Mac.Book Pro refresh has its fair share of detractors, and for good reasonchanges like the omission of traditional USB ports, incompatibility with Apples own Lightning only headphones, and the removal of the magnetic Mag.Safe connector have rankled longtime users, despite Apple executive Phil Schiller insisting the changes unveiled were the future of the notebook.Different Mac. Download the free trial version below to get started.Doubleclick the downloaded file to install the software.Book owners will have different gripes with all the changes, but one problem that most can agree on is the laptops poor battery life that would fluctuate anywhere between four and 1.Luckily, according to Notebook.Check, you can squeeze a few extra minutes out of it with a pretty easy keyboard shortcut.We hate to break it to you, but the traditional USB ports youve used to connect your cameras,Read more Read.Testers put the current 1.Mac. Book Pro through its paces in a battery runtime analysis, and found some confusing results.While one test of the Mac.Book Pro during a video playback test yielded a battery life of eight hours and 3.Mac. Book Pro ran for over 1.There are many interpretations to the internet for this web marketing or similar terms such as online marketing, internet marketing, emarketing and others.If you want to get rid of the error.Windows 7, heres a useful tip by Vivek N that might help you out.More after the. Z.PERSONAL COMPUTERS HE.Commodore 126 Personal Computer Call For Price 1571 Disc Drive Call For Price Im I RGB Monitor.Call For Price. Measuring inaccuracy and mean variation aside we were stunned and unable to find an explanation at first.Surely, the slightly different hardware could not possibly be the culprit, could it.So, we started digging.The way your Mac.Book plays the video can determine how much power it uses.When playing the video in fullscreen mode easily achieved by hitting Shift Command F the laptop draws less power and can even last long enough to play another film.The testers deduced the operating system uses fullscreen mode as a cue to discontinue some background tasks to decrease battery consumption while youre watching a movie.When watching in a window, even if the window itself was maximized, the Mac.Book Pro consumed more power.If youre not watching a movie or are bouncing between apps, you can also extend your battery life pretty easily with simple tricks such as decreasing your screens brightness, turning off connectivity options like Wi Fi and Bluetooth, and taking a trip into your activity monitor and killing energy hogging tasks.How to Choose the Perfect Font for Any Situation.Ever have one of those days where youre just sitting around, falsifying documents, and just cant seem to choose the right font to convey your alleged corruption Its cool.Weve all been there.But how oftenbe realdo you think about the font youre using Youre exposed to words in all shapes and sizes on a daily basis, whether texting a friend, writing a resum, or jotting notes in your text editor of choice.But fonts convey different meanings, and if you pick the wrong one you could find yourself either dismissed for a potential job opportunity, or worse, laughed at by everyone in the office before they throw your rsum in the trash.You Can Do Better Than Times New Roman.Everyone uses Times New Roman.Its the default font for every standard resume, book report, term paper, and any other official missive you can recall.Sure, it looks stately, but it also looks boring, and implies a lack of intentionality.Instead, pick a similarly styled font like Garamond or Charter to show you both care about readability as well as style.Depending on the size of your Macs screen, the font in Finder windows can be awfully small andRead more Read.You Cant Go Wrong With Helvetica.You know it, you love it, you cant live without it, its Helvetica The font synonymous with great design is always a good choice if youre not sure how to proceed with your pick of typeface.It feels professional, lighthearted, honest, Brian Hoff of Brian Hoff Design told Bloomberg.The sans serif font is modern, weighted evenly, and used in everything from Fortune 1.MTAs subway system.Unfortunately, if youre a Windows user youll have to actually purchase the font yourself Microsoft created its own Helvetica clone, Arial, as it chose not to license the famous font.In the words of Cleaver Magazine editor Remy Barnes, For the love of God, do not send Arial.Use Thicker Fonts for Reading on Screens.While some fonts, like Baskerville, are great for long reads on paper, theyre harder to read on devices with low resolution screens.Poor screen quality means poor rendering of the fonts thinnest lines, making reading more of a challenge.Use thicker fonts like Palatino and Georgia, which are better suited for screen reading, according to font designer and retired professor Charles Bigelow.Stop With the Comic Sans Already.Under no circumstances, unless youre 8, should you use Comic Sans.Its original purpose was to act as the text for speech bubbles in Microsoft Word.Since its creation in 9.Please license Helvetica, Microsoft. Norton 2013 Final Torrent Full Official Website . This plug in is not supported error in ChromeThis plug in is not supported is an error message that various website media content, such as videos, might display whilst youre browsing in Google Chrome. That is Chromes equivalent of the Video format or mime type is not supported Firefox error. Google Chrome, and other browsers, no longer supports NPAPI plug ins and media content on a website page that depends on unsupported plug ins will display the error message in Chrome. Since 2. 01. 5, Google has been abandoning plug in support for its flagship browser in favor of HTML5. As such, the browser no longer supports the Java, Sliverlight and Active. X plug ins. Flash is one PPAPI plug in that Chrome still supports. Most websites are embracing HTML5, but there are still plenty of websites with multimedia content that need specific plug ins. Flash player is not working in chrome. I have reinstalled chrome and i have selected the option so flash always can run from following this guide Enable. Ihave windows 7 home edition x64. after loading, i tried to run windows update and the green bar just kept scrolling across. no error messaged. downloaded the. Older sites that arent HTML5 compatible will probably have videos on them that display the plug in not supported error message. These are a few fixes that might get the media content working in Chrome without a plug in not supported error. Enable Flash in Google Chrome. Flash is the remaining plug in that Chrome supports, and you can configure Flash with the browsers settings. So check that the Allow sites to run Flash setting is switched on in Chrome. That will help ensure that the Flash multimedia content works on website pages. You can configure that setting in Chrome 5. First, enter chrome settingscontent in Chromes URL bar to open Content settings below. Now click Flash to open the settings in the snapshot directly below. If a Block sites from running Flash option is selected there, switch it to Allow sites to run Flash. There is also an Ask first setting there you can select. That enables a click to play Allow option that pops up whenever you click to play Flash content on a website page. You can also check if there are any pages included on a block list.
Systemic lupus erythematosus SLE, also known simply as lupus, is an autoimmune disease in which the bodys immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many.Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents Clinical features and diagnosis.Clinical Trials For Klinefelter Syndrome Prognosis' title='Clinical Trials For Klinefelter Syndrome Prognosis' />Male Infertility Uroweb.CONDITIONS CAUSING MALE INFERTILITY5.Primary Spermatogenic Failure.Leighs Disease Leighs Syndrome is a genetic disorder.Symptoms of Leighs disease include vomiting, irritability, seizures, loss of appetite, and loss.Aetiology. The causes of testicular deficiency are summarised in Table 3.Table 3 Causes of testicular deficiency.Factors. Causes. Congenital.Anorchia. Testicular dysgenesiscryptorchidism.Genetic abnormalities karyotype, Y chromosome deletionsAcquired.Trauma. Testicular torsion.Post inflammatory forms, particularly mumps orchitis.Exogenous factors medications, cytotoxic or anabolic drugs, irradiation, heatSystemic diseases liver cirrhosis, renal failureTesticular tumour.Varicocele. Surgery that may compromise vascularisation of the testes and lead to testicular atrophy.Idiopathic. Unknown aetiology. Key Gens For 2007 Apps Store . Unknown pathogenesis.Diagnostic evaluation.Routine investigations include semen analysis and hormonal determinations.Other investigations may be required depending on the individual situation.Typical findings from the history and physical examination of a patient with testicular deficiency are cryptorchidism uni or bilateral testicular torsion and trauma genitourinary infection exposure to environmental toxins gonadotoxic medication anabolic drugs, SSRIs, etc exposure to radiation or cytotoxic agents testicular cancer absence of testes abnormal secondary sexual characteristics gynaecomastia abnormal testicular volume andor consistency andvaricocele.Semen analysis. In non obstructive azoospermia NOA, semen analysis shows normal ejaculate volume and azoospermia after centrifugation.A recommended method is semen centrifugation at 3.All samples can be stained and re examined microscopically 1.Hormonal determinations.In men with testicular deficiency, Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism is usually present, with high levels of follicle stimulating hormone FSH and luteinising hormone LH, and sometimes low levels of testosterone.Generally, the levels of FSH correlate with the number of spermatogonia when spermatogonia are absent or markedly diminished, FSH values are usually elevated when the number of spermatogonia is normal, but maturation arrest exists at the spermatocyte or spermatid level, FSH values are within the normal range.However, for an individual patient, FSH levels do not accurately predict the spermatogenesis status because men with maturation arrest histology could have normal FSH and testis volume and still be azoospermic 1.Ultrasonography. In addition to physical examination, a scrotal US may be helpful in finding signs of obstruction e.For patients with a low seminal volume and in whom distal obstruction is suspected, transrectal ultrasound TRUS is essential 1.Testicular biopsy.Testicular biopsy can be part of intracytoplasmic sperm injection ICSI treatment in patients with clinical evidence of NOA.Testicular sperm extraction TESE is the technique of choice.Spermatogenesis may be focal, which means that in about 5.NOA, spermatozoa can be found and used for ICSI.There is a good correlation between the histology found upon diagnostic biopsy and the likelihood of finding mature sperm cells during testicular sperm retrieval and ICSI 1.However, no threshold value has been found for FSH, inhibin B, or testicular volume and successful sperm harvesting.When there are complete AZFa and AZFb microdeletions, the likelihood of sperm retrieval is virtually zero and therefore TESE procedures are contraindicated.Microsurgical TESE yields the highest sperm retrieval rates, and multiple TESE is superior to conventional TESE.Microsurgical TESE should be preferred in severe cases of non obstructive azoospermia 1.The results of ICSI are worse when using sperm retrieved from men with NOA compared to sperm from ejaculated semen and from men with obstructive azoospermia OA 2.Birth rates are lower in NOA vs.OA 1. 9 vs 2. 8 2.ICSI results in significantly lower fertilisation and implantation rates.In longitudinal studies including patients with NOA as defined by testicular histopathology, only one out of seven NOA patients embarking for TESE and eventually ICSI will father their genetically own child 3.Neonatal health in terms of birth parameters, major anomalies and chromosomal aberrations in a large cohort of children born after use of non ejaculated sperm are comparable to the outcome of children born after use of ejaculated sperm 3.Summary of evidence and recommendations.Summary of evidence.LEThe WHO laboratory manual proposes reference values based on fertility therefore these reference values do not allow classification of men as infertile.Impaired spermatogenesis is often associated with elevated FSH concentration.For patients with NOA who have spermatozoa in their testicular biopsy, intracytoplasmic sperm injection ICSI with fresh or cryopreserved spermatozoa is the only therapeutic option.Spermatozoa are found by a TESE procedure in about 5.NOA. 2a. Pregnancies and live births are eventually obtained in 3.NOA, when spermatozoa have been found in the testicular biopsy.Recommendations. GRFor men who are candidates for sperm retrieval, give appropriate genetic counselling even when testing for genetic abnormalities was negative.AIn men with non obstructive azoospermia NOA, perform simultaneous testicular biopsy with multiple testicular sperm extraction TESE or micro TESE to define spermatogenesis and diagnose intratubular germ cell neoplasma of unclassified type ITGCNU and eventually kryopreservation of sperm.A5. 2. Genetic disorders in infertility.All urologists working in andrology must have an understanding of genetic abnormalities associated with infertility, so that they can provide correct advice to couples seeking fertility treatment.Men with very low sperm counts can be offered a reasonable chance of paternity, using in vitro fertilisation IVF, ICSI and sperm harvesting from the testes in case of azoospermia.However, the spermatozoa of infertile men show an increased rate of aneuploidy, structural chromosomal abnormalities, and DNA damage, carrying the risk of passing genetic abnormalities to the next generation.Current routine clinical practice is based on the screening of genomic DNA from peripheral blood samples, however, screening of chromosomal anomalies in spermatozoa is also feasible and can be performed in selected cases 3.Chromosomal abnormalities.Chromosome abnormalities can be numerical e.In a survey of pooled data from eleven publications, including 9,7.Of these, sex chromosome abnormalities accounted for 4.In comparison, the incidence of abnormalities was 0.The frequency of chromosomal abnormalities increases as testicular deficiency becomes more severe.Patients with a spermatozoa count lt 5 millionm.L already show a 1.Men with NOA are at highest risk, especially for sex chromosomal anomalies.Based on the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations in patients with different sperm concentration, karyotype analysis is indicated in men with azoospermia or oligozoospermia spermatozoa lt 1.L 3. 5. A recent study proposes to restrict karyotype to NOA men with the purpose to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes 3.If there is a family history of recurrent spontaneous abortions, malformations or mental retardation, karyotype analysis should be requested, regardless of the sperm concentration.Sex chromosome abnormalities Klinefelters syndrome and variants 4.XXY 4. 6,XY4. 7, XXY mosaicismKlinefelters syndrome is the most common sex chromosome abnormality 3.Adult men with Klinefelters syndrome have small firm testicles, devoid of germ cells.The phenotype varies from a normally virilised man to one with the stigmata of androgen deficiency, including female hair distribution, scant body hair, and long arms and legs due to late epiphyseal closure.Leydig cell function is commonly impaired in men with Klinefelters syndrome 3.Testosterone levels may be normal or low, oestradiol levels normal or elevated, and FSH levels increased.Libido is often normal despite low testosterone levels, but androgen replacement may be needed as the patient ages.Germ cell presence and sperm production are variable in men with Klinefelters mosaicism, 4.XY4. 7,XXY. Based on sperm fluorescence in situ hybridisation FISH studies showing an increased frequency of sex chromosomal abnormalities and increased incidence of autosomal aneuploidy disomy for chromosomes 1.ICSI 3. 9. The production of 2.XY sperm has been reported in 0.Klinefelters mosaicism 4.XXY 4. 2 4. 5. Follicular lymphoma Wikipedia.Follicular lymphoma is a type of blood cancer.It is the most common of the indolent slow growing non Hodgkins lymphomas, and the second most common form of non Hodgkins lymphomas overall.It is defined as a lymphoma of follicle center B cells centrocytes and centroblasts, which has at least a partially follicular pattern.It is positive for the B cell markers CD1.CD1. 9, CD2. 2, and usually CD2.CD5. 2There are several synonymous and obsolete terms for this disease, such as CBCC lymphoma Centroblastic and Centrocytic lymphoma, nodular lymphoma3 and Brill Symmers Disease.A translocation between chromosome 1.As the bcl 2 protein is normally involved in preventing apoptosis, cells with an overexpression of this protein are basically immortal.The bcl 2 gene is normally found on chromosome 1.Translocations of BCL6 at 3q.RNA expressioneditIn 2.RNAs named micro.RNAs mi. RNAs have important functions in lymphoma biology, including follicular lymphoma.In malignant B cells, mi.RNAs participate in pathways fundamental to the cells development, such as receptor signalling, migrationadhesion, cell cell interactions in immune niches, and the production and class switching of immunoglobulins.Mi. RNAs influence B cell maturation, generation of pre, marginal zone, follicular, B1, plasma and memory B cells.MorphologyeditThe tumor is composed of follicles containing a mixture of centrocytes Kiel nomenclature adopted by WHO experts or cleaved follicle center cells older American nomenclature, small cells, and centroblasts Kiel nomenclature adopted by WHO experts or large noncleaved follicle center cells older American nomenclature, large cells.These follicles are surrounded by non malignant cells, mostly T cells.In the follicles, centrocytes typically predominate centroblasts are usually in minority.Peripheral smear will also reveal buttock cells.DiagnosiseditGradingedit.Classic appearance of spleen involved by follicular lymphoma, namely the presence of discrete, miliary, small, white pearly nodules throughout the whole parenchyma.According to the WHO criteria, the disease is morphologically graded into 8grade 1 lt 5 centroblasts per high power field hpfgrade 2 61.Grade 3 is further subdivided into grade 3.A centrocytes still presentgrade 3.B the follicles consist almost entirely of centroblastsThe WHO 2.A as high grade follicular lymphoma, and grade 3.B as Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma DLBCL.TreatmenteditThere is no consensus regarding the best treatment protocol.Several considerations should be taken into account including age, stage, and prognostic scores see International Prognostic Index.Patients with advanced disease who are asymptomatic might benefit from a watch and wait approach, as early treatment does not provide survival benefit.When patients are symptomatic, specific treatment is required, which might include various combinations of alkylators, nucleoside analogues, anthracycline containing chemotherapy regimens e.CHOP, monoclonal antibodies e.Follicular lymphoma is regarded as incurable, unless the disease is localized, in which case it can be cured by local irradiation.Although allogeneic stem cell transplantation may be curative, the mortality from the procedure is too high to be a first line option.In 2. 01. 0 rituximab was approved by the European Commission for first line maintenance treatment of follicular lymphoma.Pre clinical evidence suggests that rituximab could be also used in combination with integrin inhibitors to overcome the resistance to rituximab mediated by stromal cells.However, follicular lymphoma which is CD2.Rituximab, which targets CD2.Trial results released in June 2.East Germany in the 1.This combination therapy also left patients with fewer side effects than the older treatment a combination of five drugsrituximab, cyclophosphamide Cytoxan, doxorubicin Adriamycin, vincristine and prednisone, collectively called R CHOP.There are many recent and current clinical trials for follicular lymphoma.For example, personalised idiotype vaccines have shown promise, particularly as upfront therapy,1.PrognosiseditMedian survival is around 1.Some patients may never need treatment.The overall survival rate at five years is 7.Recent advances and addition of Rituximab, improved median survival.Recent reports for the period 1.EpidemiologyeditOf all cancers involving the same class of blood cell lymphoproliferative disorders, 2.See alsoeditReferenceseditOverview at UMDNJBarekman CL, Aguilera NS, Abbondanzo SL July 2.Low grade B cell lymphoma with coexpression of both CD5 and CD1.A report of 3 cases.Arch. Pathol. Lab.Med. 1. 25 7 9. PMID 1.LGBCLW 2. 0. CO 2.Dorlands Medical DictionaryBosga Bouwer AG, van Imhoff GW, Boonstra R, et al.February 2. 00. 3.Follicular lymphoma grade 3.B includes 3 cytogenetically defined subgroups with primary t1.Blood. 1. 01 3 1.PMID 1. 25. 29. 29.V1. 01. 3. 1. 14.Bosga Bouwer AG, Haralambieva E, Booman M, et al.November 2. 00. 5.BCL6 alternative translocation breakpoint cluster region associated with follicular lymphoma grade 3.B. Genes Chromosomes Cancer.PMID 1. 60. 75. 46.Musilova, K Mraz, M 2.Micro. RNAs in B cell lymphomas How a complex biology gets more complex.Leukemia. 2. 9 1.PMID 2. 55. 41. 15.Spitalnik, Steven L.Arinsburg, Suzanne Jhang, Jeffrey 2.September 2. 01. 4.Clinical Pathology Board Review.Elsevier Health Sciences.ISBN 9. 78. 03. 23.It is important to be able to recognize buttock cells and to know that they represent cleaved centrocytic cells of follicular lymphoma.Follicular Lymphomas.Retrieved 2. 00. 8 0.Follicular Lymphoma Perspective, Treatment Options, and Strategy by T.Andrew Lister, MD, FRCP, http www.Watchful Waiting in LowTumor Burden Follicular Lymphoma in the Rituximab Era Results of an F2 Study Database http jco.Roche Gets EC Nod for Follicular Lymphoma Maintenance Therapy.October 2. 9, 2. 01.Mraz, M. Zent, C.S. Church, A. K. Jelinek, D.F. Wu, X. Pospisilova, S.Ansell, S. M. Novak, A.J. Kay, N. E. Witzig, T.E. Nowakowski, G.S. 2. 01. 1. Bone marrow stromal cells protect lymphoma B cells from rituximab induced apoptosis and targeting integrin 4 1 VLA 4 with natalizumab can overcome this resistance.British Journal of Haematology.PMC 4. 40. 50. 35 .PMID 2. 17. 49. 36.Rediscovered Lymphoma Drug Helps Double Survival Study.June 3, 2. 01. 2.Navarrete, MA Heining Mikesch, K Schler, F Bertinetti Lapatki, C Ihorst, G Keppler Hafkemeyer, A Dlken, G Veelken, H 3 February 2.Upfront immunization with autologous recombinant idiotype Fab fragment without prior cytoreduction in indolent B cell lymphoma.Blood. 1. 17 5 1.PMID 2. 10. 45. 19.Inoges S, de Cerio AL, Soria E, Villanueva H, Pastor F, Bendandi M January 2.Idiotype vaccines for human B cell malignancies.Curr. Pharm. Des.PMID 2. 01. 09. 13.Lymphoma, Follicular at e.Medicinehttp www.S0. 95. 9 8. 04. 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